Fig. 4: Climatic impacts of increased thermal heat capacity of the East Asia shelf area.

Responses of (a) June-July-August (JJA) and b December-January-February (DJF) vertically integrated total cloud cover (CLD; %). Responses of the (c) JJA shortwave cloud radiation effect (SWCRE; W m−2) and d DJF longwave cloud radiation effect (LWCRE; W m−2). Responses of (e) JJA and (f) DJF precipitation (Pr; mm day−1, shading) and winds at 850 hPa (UV850; m s−1, vectors). g JJA and h DJF 850‒500 hPa averaged advection of mean temperature by anomalous winds (\(-{{\bf{V}}}^{{\prime} }\cdot \nabla {\rm{T}}\); 10−5 °C s−1). Dotted areas exceed the 90% confidence level based on the two-tailed Student’s t test. Only vectors exceeding the 90% confidence level are shown.