Fig. 3: Seasonal evolutions of circulation and diagnosis for CE2L and SE2L onsets.

Horizontal patterns of anomalous SST (shaded, units: °C), precipitation (crossed, units: \({mm}\) day−1) and wind fields at 850hPa (vector, units: \(m\) \({s}^{-1}\)) from preceding winter to developing autumn for a–d CE2L and f–i SE2L. The green (brown) crosses denote the regions of significant positive (negative) precipitation anomalies. Black dots represent SSTA that exceeds the 95% confidence level. Wind vector with speed less than 0.2 \(m\) \({s}^{-1}\) is omitted. e, j Same with Fig. 2f but for CE2L averaged over (5°S–5°N, 120°–80°W) during developing JF(0) and for SE2L averaged over (5°S–5°N, 175°–125°W) during developing May and June MJ(0) (units: °C mon−1).