Fig. 5: Deforestation, evaporation, and atmospheric conditions’ changes during the period of 1982–2018.

a Change in evaporation, calculated by multiplying the linear trend by the period length (37 years). b Decline of tree cover during the study period. c, d show the long-term change in integrated water vapour transport (IVT) and convective available potential energy (CAPE), respectively. The arc of deforestation around the Amazon rainforest is shown as the black contour. The breadbasket ACR and SBR are shown as the green and blue contour, respectively. Significant trends (p < 0.05) are highlighted with black hatches.