Fig. 5: Application of the derived ζ in measurements and modeling.

The comparison of Fp between the observation and the estimation with ζ = 1 and ζ = fitted value in our (a) and previous studies (b); c Comparison of particulate NPs (ng/m3) between the observation and GEOS-Chem model simulation with derived apparent ζ, and d the derived ζ as a function of P0.