Fig. 3: Bjerknes feedback and Niño3.4 SSTs.

a Bjerknes feedback (y-axis) plotted as a function of surface wind stress gradient across the equatorial Pacific (x-axis) as defined in the text for each of the 30 ensemble members, smoke minus no-smoke; blue dots are CESM2, red dots E3SMv2; b half-degree bins of La Niña (negative values) and El Niño (positive values) ensemble members in (a) defined as Niño3.4 greater than ±0.5 °C for El Niño/La Niña, respectively, blue bars CESM2, red bars E3SMv2; The number of CESM2 members is greater than the number of E3SMv2 members because more of the latter distribution falls between −0.5 and 0.5.