Fig. 1: Study domain and precipitation distribution in the Maritime Continent.

a The observed precipitation rate (TRMM3B42v7, shading, mm h−1), terrain height (WRF, contours, m), and 850-hPa wind (DYNAMO CSU, arrows, m s−1) averaged during simulation period (00UTC, 1st December 2011 to 00UTC, 5th December 2011). The brown solid lines (terrain height) represent only an altitude of 500 m. b precipitation rate (mm h−1) and c 850-hPa vertical velocity (units of m s−1), and d, horizontal divergence at 10 m (units of 10−6 s−1) for high- minus low-aerosol runs.