Fig. 5: Relationship between error distance of ETC and IVT center.

Scatter plots of error distance of ETC and IVT center. Distance represents the mean difference between the observed and simulated trajectories from each ensemble, as shown in Fig. 4. a corresponds to the 202108 event, b to the 202007 event, and c to the 201009 event. The marker shape indicates the event, and the color represents the experiment. Each experiment includes five ensemble members. The correlation coefficient (r) is calculated using the entire ensemble for each event.