Fig. 2: Assessment of motor coordination, anxiety, learning and memory in control and VPA-treated piglets.
a, A diagram of gait pattern and stride length measurement of the rear left foot (RL), rear right foot (RR), front let foot (FL) and front right foot (FR). b, A comparison of stride lengths for the left and right front and hind feet between control (n = 8) and VPA-treated piglets (n = 6). c, A diagram of the open field test setup. d, Time spent in the central zone of the open field arena (n = 8 for control and n = 6 for VPA). e, A diagram of the novel object exploration test, featuring toys including a yellow dog, a blue dinosaur, a green ball and a red ball. f, Latency to first sniff after introducing toys, total sniffing instances and time spent sniffing each toy relative to total sniffing duration (n = 7 for control and n = 6 for VPA). g, A diagram of the water maze test, with the red dot marking the entry point and the green square indicating the spatial cue. h, Time to locate the platform and time spent in the correct quadrant of the water maze (n = 15 for control and n = 19 for VPA). Data from the VPAE75 group piglets were used for a–f and pooled data from both VPAE75 and VPAM50 groups for g and h. The data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; two-tailed Student’s t-test for b, d and f; two-way ANOVA for the left panel in h; and one-tailed Student’s t-test for the right panel in h.
