Fig. 5: AF substrate is inhibited by ISO in males only.

a, Comparison of AF induction (%) under UAS, ISO and PEN, stratified by sex. Note the significant inhibition by ISO relative to UAS in males only. b, Comparison between males and females of the Δ change in AF induction (%) relative to UAS under ISO and PEN conditions. Note the marked difference between the effect of ISO in males versus females. c, Comparison of AF duration under UAS, ISO and PEN, stratified by sex. Note the differential effect of ISO in males versus females for this parameter as well. d, Comparison between males and females of the Δ change in AF duration relative to UAS under ISO and PEN conditions. Statistical analysis: the comparison was performed using Friedman’s and Dunn’s multiple comparisons in a and c; the comparison was performed using the Mann–Whitney test in b and d. For clarity, two data points in b, two in c and five in d were out of scale and are not represented. In all panels, n = 13 for males and n = 16 for females. All data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, for Δ change between males and females.