Table 3 Overview of concerns about risk of bias and applicability of studies using standalone DL systems or assistive DL systems.
Study | Risk of bias QUADAS-2 | Applicability concerns QUADAS-2 | Risk of bias QUADAS-C | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | I | R | FT | P | I | R | P | I | R | FT | |
Standalone DL system | |||||||||||
Kim 202118 | Low | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Xiao 201919 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Cho 201820 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Segni 201822 | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High |
Lee 202224 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Xia 202123 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
Choi 201925 | Low | Low | High | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | High | High |
Nicosia 202226 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Lai 202227 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Lee 201928 | High | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High |
Wei 202129 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Wei 202230 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Ciritsis 201931 | High | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | Unclear | High | Low | High | High |
Gu 202232 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Assistive DL system | |||||||||||
Park 201917 | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High |
Kim 202118 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
Cho 201820 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
Wang 202121 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
Xia 202123 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Lee 202224 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Choi 201925 | Low | Low | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | High |
Lai 202227 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Lee 201928 | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High |
Wei 202129 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
Wei 202230 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
Gu 202232 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
