Table 9 Performance comparison of models with or without the covariate on the testing sets in (a) classification of aggressive and non-aggressive EC, (b) TMB prediction for aggressive ECs, and (c) TMB prediction for non-aggressive ECs

Task	Model selection	Backbone		Acc.	Sens.	Spec.	MeanSS	AUROC
(a) Classification of aggressive and non-aggressive EC	F1-score	Truncated ResNet50	with the covariate	0.89	0.93	0.84	0.89	0.97
		Truncated ResNet101		0.84	0.80	0.89	0.84	0.86
		Truncated ResNet152		0.86	0.83	0.90	0.87	0.93
		Truncated ResNet50	without the covariate	0.67	0.76	0.54	0.65	0.73
		Truncated ResNet101		0.77	0.71	0.86	0.78	0.87
		Truncated ResNet152		0.81	0.82	0.79	0.80	0.85
(b) TMB prediction for aggressive ECs	Cross-Entropy	Truncated ResNet50	with the covariate	0.67	0.78	0.61	0.69	0.69
		Truncated ResNet101		0.71	0.75	0.68	0.71	0.78
		Truncated ResNet152		0.73	0.72	0.73	0.73	0.78
		Truncated ResNet50	without the covariate	0.66	0.56	0.73	0.64	0.62
		Truncated ResNet101		0.72	0.61	0.79	0.70	0.67
		Truncated ResNet152		0.67	0.75	0.63	0.69	0.71
(c) TMB prediction for non-aggressive ECs	F1-score	Truncated ResNet50	with the covariate	0.64	0.57	0.67	0.62	0.69
		Truncated ResNet101		0.69	0.38	0.84	0.61	0.65
		Truncated ResNet152		0.66	0.76	0.61	0.68	0.70
		Truncated ResNet50	without the covariate	0.53	0.52	0.54	0.53	0.58
		Truncated ResNet101		0.69	0.48	0.79	0.63	0.60
		Truncated ResNet152		0.63	0.48	0.70	0.59	0.60

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