Fig. 3: Enolase 1 is an effective biomarker for stage 1 breast cancer and can be analyzed directly from patient plasma samples using high throughput ELISA.

a ELISA of 25 µl patient plasma for enolase 1. Healthy (n = 50), benign (n = 19), breast cancer (n = 66). ROC curves show the sensitivity and specificity of enolase 1 at identifying stage 1 breast cancer in healthy vs breast cancer patient plasma (b) or benign vs breast cancer patient plasma (c). d Matched patient plasma samples taken from breast cancer patients before they had an operation to remove their breast tumor, and again at least 25 days after. Plasma samples were used in ELISA to quantify the amount of enolase 1. (n = 14). e Breast cancer patient plasma of different tumor stage (size) from 1 to 4 and patients with metastatic disease were analyzed for enolase 1 by ELISA. T1 (n = 10), T2 (n = 10), T3 (n = 10), T4 (n = 7), metastatic (n = 9). f All stage 1 and later tumor stage 2–4 and metastatic breast cancer patient plasma samples were pooled to ascertain the diagnostic potential of enolase 1 at any breast cancer tumor stage. ROC curves were constructed to determine enolase 1 specificity and sensitivity for the identification of patients with breast cancer in healthy (n = 50) vs breast cancer (n = 112) (g) and benign (n = 19) vs breast cancer (n = 112) (h) cohorts.