Fig. 1

Simulation system of DNA methylation detection with 2D material nanopores. a Schematic showing a CpG dinucleotide site in a mDNA molecule in complex with a MBD1 protein. The right panel shows the chemical structures of a cytosine (top) and a methylated cytosine (bottom) b Schematic of the simulated nanopore device. A mDNA-MBD1 complex is being threaded through a nanopore in a 2D material membrane (e.g., graphene or MoS₂) embedded in an electrolyte solution. A voltage, V _TC, was applied across the membrane to move the mDNA–MBD1 complex, and meanwhile, to induce an ionic current through the pore. Another voltage, V _DS, was applied between a source electrode and a drain electrode connecting the 2D material, inducing the flow of a electronic sheet current in the membrane