Fig. 1
Characterisation of the starting oxidised carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials: graphene oxide (GO), oxidised multiwalled nanotubes (OxMWNT) and oxidised nanohorns (OxNH) were characterised by Raman spectroscopy to demonstrate the defected nature of the starting materials. AFM (scale bars = 500 nm) and TEM (scale bars = 100 nm) were utilised to allow visualisation of the nanomaterials and to indicate the dimensions of the materials. XPS was used to indicate the relative degree of oxygen functionalities on each of the nanostructures. XPS survey spectra and TGA are shown in the Supplementary Information (Supplementary Fig. S2)
