Table 1 Impact of solvent, excitation, and modification of phosphorene on shift of photoluminescence spectra emission peak.
From: Photoluminescence as a probe of phosphorene properties
Starting material (SM) | Functionalized material (FM) | Solvent | Excitation [nm] | Peak of emission [nm] | Description of functionalization | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | FM | ||||||
BP nanosheets | PDBT-BP | Toluene | 502 | 624 | BP nanosheets functionalized with poly[(1,4-diethynyl-2,5-bis(hexyl-oxy)benzene)-alt-benzeno{c}thiadiazole] (PDBT) by using 4-bromobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (4-BBD) | ||
Chloroform | 636 | ||||||
DMF | 646 | ||||||
Few layered BP nanosheets | Encapsulated BP nanosheets in micelles | 300 | 353 | 352 | Helical copolymer based on polyethylene glycol and poly(phenyl isocyanide peptide) blocks is blended with a suspension of phosphorene nanosheets in order to be included in micelles | ||
Polymer micelles | 347, 405 | ||||||
Few layered BP | PDDF-g-BP | Toluene | – | – | 399 | Functionalization by using 4-bromobenzene-dizonium (4-BDD)-functionalized BP (4-BBD-BP) as a template for modified BP- poly[(1,4-diethynylbenzene)-alt-diphenylaminophenyl)fluorene] (PDDF) covalently grafted BP | |
THF | – | – | 402 | ||||
DMF | – | – | 413 | ||||
BPQDs | PFCz-g-BPGDs | Toluene | – | – | 397 | Functionalization of BPQDs under aqueous conditions by using a highly soluble diazotated polymer, PFCz-N2+BF4. Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)-alt-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)aniline)] (PFCz-NH2) was used as the synthetic precursor | |
THF | – | – | 403 | ||||
Chloroform | – | 412 | |||||
DMF | – | 421 | |||||
BPNPs | BPNPs@mSiO2 | - | 532 | 692.6 | 688.3 | A layer of mSiO2 was coated on the surface of the BPNPs via tetraethyl orthosilicate reaction | |
Phosphorene quantum dots | PQDs–tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) | Toluene | 360 | 413 | Redshift | Charge transfer interaction, donor and acceptor interactions | |
Phosphorene quantum dots | PQDs–tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) | Toluene | 360 | 413 | Redshift | ||
Phosphorene quantum dots | PQDs–tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) | Toluene | 360 | 413 | Blueshift | ||
BP nanoparticles | Cholesterol-modified black phosphorus nanospheres | – | 808 | – | 900–1650 | BP-cholesterol nanoparticles were encapsulated by DSPE-mPEG and L-a-lecithin | |
BP | Nile Blue-Black Phosphorus | Water | 570 808 | – | 680 – | Nile blue diazonium tetrafluoroborate salt was synthesized to covalently modify BPs by aryl diazonium chemistry to produce stable and fluorescent NB@BPs | |
BPNPs | BPNPs-dabcyl-L | Tris-HCl | 200 | 524 | 525 | Fluorescence quenching was a consequence of the adsorption of dabcyl-Lprobe onto BPNPs | |
BP | BP-FKK | PBS | 450 | 562 | 525 | BP modified by tripeptide | |
325 | 380 | 415 | |||||
BPQDs | TbL3@BPQDs | NMP | UV illumination | – | 486, 540 583 | Ln (Tb, Eu, and Nd) coordinated BP structures exhibit fluorescence encompassing the visible to near-infrared regions | |
EuL3@BPQDs | UV illumination | – | 590 613 695 | ||||
NdL3@BPQDs | 730 | – | 903 1061 | ||||
Phosphorene | Phosphorene-PxOy + 5 nm of ALD (Al2O3) | Flow of N2 gas, −10 °C | 532 | 750 970 1290 1440 | 750 970 1290 1440 | Layer-by-layer thinning of BP by O2 plasma, followed by Al2O3 coating. PL for 1, 2, 3, and 4-layer BP, respectively | |
FLBP | FLBP–azidobenzoic acid | – | – | 1117a | 1442a | Few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) functionalized by 4-azidobenzoic acid | |
BP flake | Fct-BP | – | – | 305a | 249a | Modification of surface BP by immersion in 10 mM 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and 10 mM [Ph3C]BF4 solution in a mixture water and acetone (1:1, v/v) | |
