Fig. 7: Human cell viability study: biocompatibility with human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) and SW948 human cells.

a Muse ™ Apoptotic profile using Annexin V for apoptosis staining and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) fluorescence intensity for necrosis is shown in a flow scatter using same cut offs for all measurements (N = 3 for HUVECs and N = 2 for SW948). b CCK8 viability normalised to 0 μg ml−1 control over increasing concentrations of graphene (0–1000 μg ml−1) (N = 9 from three independent experiments for HUVECs in blue and N = 6, from two independent experiments for SW948 in red). c Laser scanning confocal microscopy with the addition of propidium iodide (PI), used here to image whole cells, and image overlay with Hoechst cell nuclear staining with bright field transmittance of graphene pre-treated fixed cells at ×63 magnification, scale bar 50 μm for HUVECs and 25 μm for SW948 cells.