Fig. 3: Anion sorption properties of the am-GO membrane.

a Electrokinetic zeta potential measurements of the am-GO membrane surface as a function of anion concentrations, illustrating surface charge variations with different ionic species. b Anion sorption capacity of am-GO membranes as a function of membrane thickness, highlighting ion-specific adsorption trends. c Arrhenius plots for salt partition coefficients at different temperatures using a 60-nm-thick am-GO membrane, demonstrating temperature-dependent ion sorption behavior. d Energy barrier for salt partitioning into am-GO membrane, providing insights into selective ion transport mechanisms.