Table 1 Overview of the different tests used to diagnose dysgraphia

From: Automated human-level diagnosis of dysgraphia using a consumer tablet

 

Validation number

Age range [years old]

Test duration [min]

Scoring duration [min]

Alphabet

Language

Number of items

Dynamic of handwriting

Pressure

Tilt

Speed

Posture

Writing task

Ajuriaguerra28

350

6–12

2

5

Latin

French

37

a

WT1

BHK29

837

6–12

5

10

Latin

Multi-language

13

WT2

BHK-teenager30

471

12–18

5

10

Latin

Multi-language

9

WT2

DASH31

546

9–16

20

10

Latin

English

5

WT3

HHE32

230

6–18

5

0

Hebrew

Hebrew

10

WT4

  1. WT1: copy a sentence several times, request of quality and speed; WT2: copy a long text for 5 min; WT3: copy a sentence several times, alphabet, geometric figures, and composition; and WT4: copy a text containing all letters
  2. Ajuriaguerra scale (E scale): is a well-spread test evaluating the quality of the writing depending on speed and precision. It has a special focus on the posture and style of pen grasp of the child
  3. Concise Evaluation Scale for Children’s Handwriting (BHK): is the gold standard test with which to diagnose dysgraphia in a Latin-alphabet-based language28,29,30
  4. BHK for teenagers: has also been created using the same principles
  5. Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting (DASH test): evaluates the quality and speed of writing under different conditions (quality, speed, writing about a free topic of the child’s choice)
  6. Hebrew Handwriting Evaluation (HHE): examines Hebrew handwriting products and assesses the legibility through both global and analytic measures
  7. aSome pressure aspects of handwriting are assessed thanks to carbon paper