Table 3 The meta-analysis of systemic vascular risk factors with any diabetic retinopathy (DR), referable DR and vision-threatening DR diagnosed by deep learning system, as compared to human assessors in Singapore Integrated Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program (SiDRP) between 2014 and 2015 (SiDRP 14-15), Singapore Malay Eye Study (SIMES), Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI), Singapore Chinese Eye Study (SCES), Beijing Eye Study (BES), African American Eye Study (AFEDS), Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), and Diabetes Management Project Melbourne (DMP Melb)

From: Deep learning in estimating prevalence and systemic risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: a multi-ethnic study

 

Meta-analysis (n = 17,316)

 

Any DR

Referable DR

Vision-threatening DR

 

DLS (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

Human (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

P value**

DLS (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

Human (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

P value**

DLS (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

Human (OR, 95% CI)*

P value*

P value**

Age (years)

0.98 (0.82, 1.19)

0.87

0.76 (0.7, 0.84)

<0.001

0.018

0.67 (0.59, 0.76)

<0.001

0.66 (0.58, 0.76)

<0.001

0.94

0.62 (0.53, 0.72)

<0.001

0.68 (0.58, 0.8)

<0.001

0.40

Gender (female)

0.93 (0.61, 1.42)

0.73

0.89 (0.67, 1.17)

0.40

0.86

0.88 (0.54, 1.45)

0.62

0.79 (0.52, 1.2)

0.28

0.75

0.74 (0.47, 1.16)

0.19

0.88 (0.54, 1.42)

0.596

0.61

Duration of diabetes (years)

1.43 (1.22, 1.68)

<0.001

1.53 (1.23, 1.9)

<0.001

0.64

1.48 (1.15, 1.89)

0.002

1.4 (1.11, 1.78)

0.005

0.77

1.32 (1.01, 1.73)

0.043

1.41 (1.03, 1.92)

0.031

0.76

HbA1c (%)

1.61 (1.45, 1.79)

<0.001

1.55 (1.44, 1.67)

<0.001

0.55

1.74 (1.54, 1.95)

<0.001

1.74 (1.51, 1.99)

<0.001

0.99

1.58 (1.42, 1.77)

<0.001

1.65 (1.37, 1.97)

<0.001

0.72

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

1.54 (1.25, 1.91)

<0.001

1.57 (1.34, 1.83)

<0.001

0.92

1.73 (1.43, 2.09)

<0.001

1.8 (1.39, 2.33)

<0.001

0.82

1.94 (1.52, 2.48)

<0.001

1.71 (1.2, 2.43)

0.003

0.56

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

0.78 (0.66, 0.93)

0.005

0.79 (0.7, 0.89)

<0.001

0.94

0.75 (0.63, 0.9)

0.002

0.68 (0.55, 0.86)

0.001

0.53

0.78 (0.62, 0.97)

0.026

0.87 (0.62, 1.2)

0.39

0.58

Body mass index (kg/m2)

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

0.36

0.87 (0.8, 0.95)

0.002

0.69

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

0.36

0.92 (0.76, 1.11)

0.37

0.98

0.9 (0.75, 1.1)

0.31

0.93 (0.75, 1.15)

0.50

0.86

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

0.92 (0.83, 1.03)

0.15

0.95 (0.82, 1.1)

0.52

0.72

0.95 (0.84, 1.07)

0.37

0.98 (0.84, 1.16)

0.85

0.70

0.96 (0.83, 1.12)

0.63

1.08 (0.84, 1.37)

0.56

0.45

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.93 (0.85, 1.03)

0.15

0.95 (0.87, 1.04)

0.28

0.80

0.94 (0.83, 1.07)

0.37

0.95 (0.83, 1.1)

0.51

0.92

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

0.30

0.98 (0.83, 1.16)

0.81

0.57

  1. Any DR: defined as mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR) or worse. Referable DR: defined defined as moderate NPDR or worse, including diabetic macular edema. Vision-threatening DR: defined as severe NPDR and proliferative DR
  2. OR standardized odd ratio
  3. *P value is generated by meta-analysis of multivariate logistic regression across 8 datasets
  4. **P value for the statistical difference of multivariate meta-ORs between deep learning system and human assessors, generated using Student’s t-test (2-tailed)
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