Table 2 Risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle-Ottowa Scale.

Study	Selection				Comparability		Exposure
Case−control	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	Total
Abdullah et al.⁴⁹	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
Al Imran et al.⁵⁰	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
Ashouri et al.²⁰	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	5/9
Bishop et al.²³	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Bounds et al.⁵³	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	4/9
Caza-Szoka et al.⁵⁴	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	3/9
Caza-Szoka et al.²⁴	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	3/9
Chan et al.⁵⁵	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	6/9
Darvishi et al.²⁵	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Du et al.⁵⁷	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	6/9
Hu et al.²⁸	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Hung et al.²⁹	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1/9
Jin-Heeku et al.³²	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
LeDuff et al.³⁴	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2/9
Melo Riveros et al.⁴⁰	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	3/9
Oliver et al.⁴¹	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Oliver et al.⁴²	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Olugbade et al.⁶²	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
Parsaeian et al⁴⁴.	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	4/9
Sandag et al.⁶³	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
Silva et al.⁴⁷	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2/9
Ung et al.⁶⁴	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	6/9
Karabulut et al.⁵⁸	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/9
Mathew et al.³⁸	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	3/9
Mathew et al.⁶¹	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	5/9
Vaughn et al.⁶⁵	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	5/9
Vaughn et al.⁶⁶	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	5/9
Vaughn et al.⁴⁸	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	5/9
Sari et al.⁴⁵	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2/9

Cohort	Selection				Outcome			Total
Magnusson et al.³⁷	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	6/9
Azimi et al.²¹	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	6/9
Azimi et al.²²	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	5/9
Barons et al.⁵²	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	6/9
Hallner et al.²⁷	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	6/9
Jarvik et al.³⁰	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	7/9
Jiang et al.³¹	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	5/9
Shamim et al.⁴⁶	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	5/9

Other^a	Selection				Comparability		Outcome			Total
Kadhim et al.³³	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Lee et al.¹⁹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Lin et al.⁶⁰	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Andrei et al.⁵¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Li et al.⁵⁹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Dickey et al.⁵⁶	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Liszka-Hackzell et al.³⁵	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Liszka-Hackzell et al.³⁶	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meier et al.³⁹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Gal et al.²⁶	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oude et al.⁴³	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

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