Fig. 3: Known-groups validity: number and outcome of eligible studies assessing differences in DMOs between patients and healthy controls.

PD Parkinson’s disease, MS multiple sclerosis, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PFF proximal femoral fracture. Data are presented as: Number of studies with statistically significant differences between groups/Total studies (%). DMOs known to be highly intercorrelated were grouped (i.e., step length and stride length), and all DMOs were organized according to previously established domains of gait. *Proportion of studies exceeds the expected false-positive rate as determined by Bernoulli hypothesis testing and Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment.