Table 2 Results of meta-analyses investigating pre/post effects and long-term stability of treatment gains for digital and face-to-face CBT interventions. P values indicate significance of meta-analytic summary effect sizes (SMCR) testing the difference between symptoms pre- vs. post-intervention. Effect sizes and p values are presented without correction for differences in patient samples or study design characteristics and without correction for potential publication bias.
From: A systematic review of digital and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for depression
Face-to-face studies | Digital studies | Face-to-face vs. Digital | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | k | SMCR | 95%-CI | p value | k | SMCR | 95%-CI | p value | Direction | p value |
Pre/Post analysis | ||||||||||
Depression symptoms | 81 | 1.934 | 1.737–2.130 | p < 0.001 | 80 | 1.204 | 1.086–1.321 | p < 0.001 | face-to-face > digital | p < 0.001 |
Psychosocial functioning | 18 | 1.293 | 0.869–1.718 | p < 0.001 | 53 | 0.489 | 0.398–0.580 | p < 0.001 | face-to-face > digital | p < 0.001 |
Anxiety symptoms | 4 | 1.299 | 0.649–1.949 | p < 0.001 | 44 | 0.902 | 0.775–1.029 | p < 0.001 | face-to-face > digital | p = 0.240 |
Follow-Up analysis | ||||||||||
Depression symptoms | 45 | 0.112 | −0.005–0.229 | p = 0.061 | 64 | 0.167 | 0.031–0.302 | p = 0.016 | face-to-face < digital | p = 0.550 |
Psychosocial functioning | 9 | −0.533 | −1.179–0.113 | p = 0.106 | 45 | 0.064 | −0.093–0.220 | p = 0.426 | face-to-face < digital | p = 0.078 |
Anxiety symptoms | 3 | 0.098 | −0.057–0.253 | p = 0.217 | 36 | 0.073 | −0.077–0.223 | p = 0.343 | face-to-face > digital | p = 0.820 |
