Table 1 Tabulated measurements results of the mean of absolute error (MAE) ± standard deviation of the absolute error (SD) (years).

From: Ageing and degeneration analysis using ageing-related dynamic attention on lateral cephalometric radiographs

Age

4–10

11–15

16–20

21–25

26–30

31–35

36–40

4–25

26–40

ALL

BSL

0.88 ± 1.92

0.73 ± 0.76

1.11 ± 1.09

1.55 ± 1.31

2.72 ± 3.54

3.54 ± 4.27

8.10 ± 8.89

1.00 ± 1.22

3.61 ± 5.06

1.30 ± 2.24

AC

1.06 ± 0.85

0.95 ± 0.89

1.35 ± 1.05

1.80 ± 1.52

2.35 ± 1.78

3.52 ± 2.65

7.00 ± 5.44

1.21 ± 1.10

3.08 ± 2.90

1.42 ± 1.54

RTS

0.80 ± 0.68

0.75 ± 0.62

1.14 ± 1.02

1.60 ± 1.26

2.44 ± 1.90

4.71 ± 3.63

7.20 ± 4.30

1.00 ± 0.93

3.55 ± 3.22

1.28 ± 1.59

TR

0.76 ± 0.76

0.83 ± 0.72

1.32 ± 1.20

1.67 ± 1.46

2.66 ± 2.13

4.50 ± 3.50

6.06 ± 4.44

1.09 ± 1.08

3.51 ± 3.10

1.35 ± 1.63

CR

0.89 ± 0.78

0.91 ± 0.73

1.53 ± 1.36

2.15 ± 1.73

2.86 ± 2.01

4.85 ± 3.77

8.16 ± 4.67

1.28 ± 1.23

3.96 ± 3.40

1.57 ± 1.83

SR

0.96 ± 0.93

0.83 ± 0.72

1.48 ± 1.42

1.91 ± 1.55

2.36 ± 2.03

4.06 ± 3.52

5.43 ± 4.71

1.20 ± 1.20

3.14 ± 3.06

1.41 ± 1.64

TR+CR

0.71 ± 0.68

0.79 ± 0.83

1.37 ± 1.21

1.83 ± 1.42

2.61 ± 1.90

3.93 ± 3.17

6.82 ± 5.45

1.10 ± 1.12

3.34 ± 3.05

1.35 ± 1.63

TR+SR

0.68 ± 0.64

0.76 ± 0.62

1.28 ± 1.06

1.86 ± 1.51

2.76 ± 2.14

4.70 ± 3.63

5.78 ± 4.62

1.07 ± 1.04

3.59 ± 3.15

1.34 ± 1.64

CR+SR

0.93 ± 0.89

0.84 ± 0.68

1.43 ± 1.32

1.83 ± 1.55

2.49 ± 1.99

4.80 ± 3.96

5.54 ± 4.49

1.17 ± 1.15

3.43 ± 3.21

1.42 ± 1.68

  1. The constraint of ARDA can improve the stability of age estimation dramatically, especially in the subject of older populations, while it reduces the precision in the subjects of younger populations. The retest mechanism can maintain the benefits of ARDA constraint for age estimation and offset its adverse effect. The impact on age estimation is limited for any single ARDA concentrated region being selected or discarded. The teeth and the craniofacial regions have the most and the least information on development/ageing, respectively. The best performance in each age group is bolded.
  2. BSL baseline model, AC ARDA-constrained, RTS retest, TR teeth region, CR craniofacial region, SR cervical spine region.
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