Table 2 Pooled effect sizes of IM-CBT on psychiatric symptoms and physical distress at post-intervention and follow-ups (n = 44 studies).

From: Internet-based and mobile-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Timepoint

Outcome domain

Outcome

k

Pooled g (95% CI)

p

I2 (%)

Q

Post-intervention

Psychiatric

Depressive symptoms

43

0.448 (0.309 to 0.587)

<0.001

78.654

196.757

  

Anxiety symptoms

34

0.322 (0.193 to 0.451)

<0.001

70.634

112.376

  

Depressive and anxiety symptoms

7

0.447(–0.029 to 0.922)

0.066

89.445

56.846

  

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms

3

1.083 (–0.266 to 2.432)

0.116

92.235

25.757

  

General psychological distress

10

0.623 (0.229 to 1.016)

0.002

91.721

108.709

 

Physical

Physical symptoms

31

0.184 (0.106 to 0.263)

<0.001

3.600

31.120

  

Functional impairment

21

0.284 (0.178 to 0.390)

<0.001

38.490

32.151

  

Self-rated ill health

4

0.080 (–0.279 to 0.483)

0.664

53.830

6.498

  

Objective physiological dysfunction

2

0.047 (–0.332 to 0.427)

0.807

0

0.922

First follow-up

Psychiatric

Depressive symptoms

18

0.319 (0.142 to 0.497)

<0.001

62.337

45.137

  

Anxiety symptoms

12

0.171 (0.020 to 0.322)

0.027

36.981

17.455

  

Depressive and anxiety symptoms

5

0.241 (0.020 to 0.461)

0.032

5.266

4.222

  

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms

3

0.867 (0.453 to 1.282)

<0.001

0

0.434

  

General psychological distress

4

0.581 (0.195 to 0.968)

0.003

76.278

12.647

 

Physical

Physical symptoms

15

0.047 (–0.147 to 0.241)

0.636

62.615

37.448

  

Functional impairment

9

0.182 (–0.039 to 0.403)

0.106

64.964

22.834

  

Self-rated ill health

1

0.000 (–0.414 to 0.414)

>0.999

0

0

  

Objective physiological dysfunction

0

–

–

–

–

Last follow-up

Psychiatric

Depressive symptoms

5

0.357 (0.207 to 0.507)

<0.001

0

3.602

  

Anxiety symptoms

4

0.321 (0.162 to 0.481)

<0.001

0

0.735

  

Depressive and anxiety symptoms

0

–

–

–

–

  

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms

1

0.576 (0.024 to 1.128)

0.041

0

0

  

General psychological distress

3

0.673 (0.180 to 1.165)

0.007

83.308

11.982

 

Physical

Physical symptoms

3

0.191 (–0.003 to 0.384)

0.053

0

0.373

  

Functional impairment

2

–0.016 (–0.205 to 0.174)

0.872

0

0.124

  

Self-rated ill health

0

–

–

–

–

  

Objective physiological dysfunction

0

–

–

–

–

  1. k = Number of averaged effect sizes (to address the potential dependency issues, when multiple effect sizes were available from the same source, the moderator analyses were done based on the averaged effect sizes). The detailed forest plots with effect sizes from individual studies are available in Supplementary Figure 1. A table presenting pooled effect sizes from n = 58 studies (including 44 studies here and another 14 studies included in the Supplementary Information only) is available in Supplementary Table 8.
  2. Definitions. “Physical symptoms” includes: arthritis symptoms, general symptoms, physical symptoms, menopausal symptoms, osteoarthritis (OA)-specific stiffness, fatigue, insomnia, HIV-related fatigue intensity, average pain, pain at rest, bodily pain, pain, pain intensity, pain now, pain severity, pain with activity, osteoarthritis (OA)-specific pain, headache intensity, bodily sensations, headache frequency, hot flush (HF) frequency, HIV-related total fatigue frequency, night sweats (NS) frequency; “Functional impairment” includes: disability, fine motor function, gross motor function, functional well-being, gross motor function, osteoarthritis (OA)-specific physical function, overall sexual functioning, physical function, HIV-related overall fatigue-related functioning, pain disability, physical impairment, physical impact, sleep quality; “Self-rated ill health” includes: general health, physical health, overall health (physical), physical well-being; “Objective physiological dysfunction” includes: Hemoglobin A1c, HIV viral load.
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