Table 1 Various types of DTs in healthcare

Lung

Lexma¹²

Runs simulations of blood and oxygen flow

Predict ventilation requirements

Heart

Dassault¹³, Medtronic,

Boston Scientific, FDA;

Simulates the structure and physiologic function of the heart

Customization and optimization of cardiac devices

Heart

Siemens Healthineers²³

Simulates the structure and physiologic function of the heart

Cardiac resynchronization

Heart

Heart Navigator⁴⁰

simulated TAVR implantations with different aortic prosthesis

Surgical planning

Spine

Ahmadian et al.⁴²

Predict Vertebral Fracture after Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Optimal radiation plan to minimize treatment side effects

Alzheimer’s disease

Unlearnai¹⁴

Predicting the individual outcome in neurological diseases

DT of controls of clinical trial and ultimately clinical interventions

Breast lesions

VICTRE trial⁵¹

Image based virtual patients comparing digital mammography to tomosynthesis

Determine which imaging tool is better at detecting breast lesions

Oropharyngeal cancer

Tardini et al.⁶¹

Optimal treatment selection

Determine optimal treatment plan for oropharyngeal cancer

Type 2 Diabetes

Cleveland Clinic Twin Health NCT05181449⁸⁸

Disease reversal in type 2 diabetes

Randomized control trial examining twin precision treatment vs. standard of care

Mental health

MindBank AI⁶⁵, IBM⁶⁶, Babylon⁶⁷, DigiTwin⁶⁸

Wellness

Pharma Lab

Atos, Siemens, GSK^23,36

Optimize drug manufacturing

Biomanufacturing

Teva and AG Pharmaceuticals³⁷

Adjust input conditions Key and Critical Process Parameters

Predictive biomanufacturing

Drug Discovery

Takeda³⁴

Drug Discovery

Hospitals

GE Care command²⁴;

Siemens Healthineers²³

Earlier response times for critical patients,

supply chain management, workflow