Fig. 3: Rhythm outcomes of virtual PVI according to different PVI conditions.

Using human AF digital twin technology, we could quantitatively assess and compare the anti-fibrillatory and pro-fibrillatory effects of PVI gaps. Through our simulation experiments, we confirmed the following four key findings. First, wide antral PVI exhibited a significantly more substantial effect on AF termination when compared to ostial PVI. Second, the thickness of the PVI lines did not significantly influence AF maintenance or termination. Third, an increase in the number of PVI gaps correlated with reduced anti-AF efficacy. Lastly, the induction and maintenance of AF were found to be more facile when employing extra PV pacing than intra-PV pacing.