Fig. 4: Flow chart of the study.

We included 50 AF patients from the Yonsei AF ablation cohort. We generated digital twins of LA and induced virtual AF, and compared rhythm outcomes according to different virtual interventions. Different conditions include PVI level and width, number of PVI gaps, and pacing location. Rhythm outcomes include final rhythm status and the rate of non-inducible AF. AF atrial fibrillation, AT atrial tachycardia, LA left atrium, PV pulmonary vein, PVI pulmonary vein isolation.