Fig. 5: Possible rhythm outcomes and calculation methods after induction of virtual AF.

a The pacing started at 200 ms and decreased by 10 ms intervals until it reached 120 ms to induce AF. Red dots indicate pacing stimulation markers. b Induced AF remained after 32 s. c AF converted to regular AT at 22 s. d No activation signal was observed after 21 s. e No activation signal was observed right after 11.52 s of induction protocol. f The calculation methods of rhythm outcomes. AF atrial fibrillation, AT atrial tachycardia, PV pulmonary vein.