Table 1 Characteristics of included studies and participants
Ref. | Country | Total sample | Sex (%F) | MS Phenotype (%) | Age Mean/Median (SD/IQR) | EDSS Mean/Median (SD/IQR) | Disease duration Mean/Median (SD/IQR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed methods (n = 16) | |||||||
Babbage 2019 | UK and NZ | 11 | 55 | NR | 41–59 (NR) | NR | 1.0–10.0 (NR) |
Halstead 2020 | US | 31 | 81 | RRMS: 93 SPMS: 3 PPMS: NR CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: 3 | NR | NR | 13.2 (NR) |
Hsieh 202122 | US | 10 | 70 | RRMS: 80 SPMS: 10 PPMS: 10 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 53.9 (10.9) | 2.75 (2.5–6) | 15.1 (7.5) |
Krause 2022 | Germany | 23 | 65 | RRMS: 65 SPMS: 21 PPMS:13 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 50.0 (24-57) | 2.0 (1.0–7) | 8.0 (1.5–22.0) |
Maillart 2020 | France | 116 | 61 | RRMS: 74 SPMS: NR PPMS: 25 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 46.0 (10) | 3.6 (1.6) | 1.0–11.0 (6.0–30) |
Midaglia 2019 | US and Spain | 76 | 70 | RRMS: 90 SPMS: 5 PPMS: 4 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 39.5 (7.9) | 2.4 (1.4) | 11.3 (7.0) |
Minen 2020 | US | 62 | 89 | NR | 39.5 (11.6) | NR | NR |
Newland 2016 | US | 7 | 71 | NR | 50.7 (9.2) | 5 (4.5–6.0) | 12.2 (8.2) |
Ouwerkerk 2022 | NL | 77 | 79 | RRMS: 61 SPMS: 18 PPMS: 12 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 51.1 (10.4) | NR | 11.5 (0-39.0) |
Palotai 2021 | US | 64 | 84 | RRMS: 91 SPMS: 7 PPMS: 0 CIS/RIS: 1 RPMS: 0 | 52.0 (9.0) | 2.2 (1.5) | 20.0 (8.0) |
Rhodes 2019 | US | 60 | 65 | RRMS: 68 SPMS: 10 PPMS: 3 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: 6 | 41.4 (13.3) | 0-7 (NA) | 8.1 (7.4) |
Thirumalai 2018 | US | 21 | 67 | NR | 54.0 (10.8) | NR | NR |
Thomas 202121 | UK | 11 | 64 | RRMS: 72 SPMS: 9 PPMS: 18 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 49.0 (8.4) | 6.8 (2.5) | 1.0–20.0 (NR) |
Tonheim & Babic 2018 | Norway | 4 | 75 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
van Kessel 2021 | UK and NZ | 12 | 58 | NR | 47.3 (5.4) | NR | 10.9 (4.8) |
van Oirschot 2021 | NL | 25 | 92 | RRMS: 100 | 41.5 (8.0) | 3.1 (1.4) | 6.0 (4.4) |
Quantitative (n = 15) | |||||||
Bevens 2022 | US CA AUS NZ | 15 | 73 | RRMS: 73 SPMS: 6 PPMS: 13 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 52.0 (11.5) | 5 (NR) | 12.0 (10.3) |
Bove 2019 | US | 21 | 86 | RRMS: 71 SPMS: 9 PPMS: 19 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 53.8 (11.6) | 3.1 (2) | 14.5 (9.6) |
D’hooghe 2018 | Belgium | 75 | 67 | RRMS: 100 | 39.2 (10.1) | 2 (1.5-3) | NR |
D’Arma 2022 | Italy | 37 | 41 | RRMS: 48 SPMS: 51 PPMS: 0 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 48.0 (8.6) | 5.5 (1.8) | 17.0 (8.1) |
Defer 2018 | France | 91 | 81 | RRMS: 100 | 38.0 (30.5) | 1 (0.0–2.5) | NR |
Fernandez-Vazquez 2021 | Spain | 40 | 53 | RRMS: 23 SPMS: 50 PPMS: 28 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 49.5 (7.9) | 6.4 (1.5) | NR |
Finkelstein and Jiazhen 2018 | US | 10 | NR | NR | 55.0 (10) | NR | 24.0 (12.0) |
Jonsdottir 2018 | Italy | 16 | 75 | NR | 56.8 (12.3) | 6.5 (6.5–7.0) | 19.4 (12.3) |
Mokhberdezful 2021 | Iran | 126 | 77.5 | NR | 36.8 (10.3) | NR | NR |
Nasseri 2020 | Germany | 19 | 47 | NR | 51.1 (7.9) | 3.5 (2.7–6.0) | 16.5 (9.3) |
Pagliari 2021 | Italy | 30 | 60 | NR | 48.3 (9.6) | 5 (3.5-6) | 12.7 (6.7) |
Stuart 2020 | UK | 56 | 54 | RRMS: NR SPMS: 42 PPMS: 57 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 53.6 (8) | 5.7 (1.3) | 12.2 (8.6) |
Tacchino 2015 | Italy | 16 | 81 | RRMS: 56 SPMS: 44 PPMS: 0 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 49.1 (9.1) | 3.7 (1.9) | 13.5 (9.1) |
van Beek 2020 | Switzerland | 9 | 100 | RRMS: 55 SPMS: 22 PPMS: 22 CIS/RIS: NR RPMS: NR | 53.9 (12.3) | 3.9 (1.9) | 10.6 (9.7) |
Woelfle 2023 | Switzerland | 31 | 68 | RRMS: 74, SPMS: 6 PPMS: 12, CIS/RIS: 6 RPMS: NR | 43.4 (12) | 3 (1.0–6) | NR |
Qualitative (n = 1) | |||||||
Dennett 2020 | UK | 11 | 91 | RRMS: 36 SPMS: 54 PPMS: 9 CIS/RIS: 0 RPMS: 0 | 28-68 (NR) | 4.0–6.5 (NR) | 1.0–40.0 (NR) |
