Table 1 Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics by subtypes within the PPMI cohort

From: Identification of Parkinson’s disease PACE subtypes and repurposing treatments through integrative analyses of multimodal data

Variables

Subtype PD-I (inching pace)

Subtype PD-M (moderate pace)

Subtype PD-R (rapid pace)

P valuea

Post hocb

P value adjustedc

# of participants

145

207

54

–

–

–

Age at onset, year, mean (SD)

58.1 (9.9)

59.4 (10.0)

64.4 (8.6)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

–

Sex male, N (%)

67 (46.2)

155 (74.9)

44 (81.5)

<0.001**

–

–

Race white, N (%)

140 (96.6)

196 (94.7)

50 (92.6)

0.422

–

–

Symptom duration, month, mean (SD)

0.593 (0.682)

0.546 (0.742)

0.667 (0.752)

0.526

–

–

Genetic risk scored, mean (SD)

−0.009 (0.004)

−0.009 (0.004)

−0.01 (0.004)

0.615

–

0.879

Family history, N (%)

140 (96.6)

196 (94.7)

50 (92.6)

0.711

–

–

Education history group, N (%)

    

–

–

 <12 years

10 (6.9)

9 (4.4)

7 (13.0)

0.102

–

–

 12–16 years

90 (62.1)

132 (63.8)

26 (48.2)

 >16 years

45 (31.0)

66 (31.9)

21 (38.9)

Motor manifestations

MDS-UPDRS Part II, mean (SD)

5.2 (3.7)

5.7 (4.2)

7.9 (4.4)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

<0.001**

MDS-UPDRS Part III, mean (SD)

19.5 (8.8)

20.7 (8.4)

24.8 (9.6)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

0.005*

H&Y Stage, mean (SD)

1.55 (0.51)

1.54 (0.49)

1.70 (0.49)

0.093

–

0.378

Schwab and England score, mean (SD)

93.9 (5.9)

93.2 (5.6)

90.9 (5.7)

0.005*

III vs. rest

0.004*

Tremor score, mean (SD)

0.46 (0.32)

0.50 (0.31)

0.55 (0.34)

0.14

–

0.252

PIGD score, mean (SD)

0.22 (0.25)

0.20 (0.19)

0.34 (0.26)

<0.001***

III vs. rest

<0.001**

Motor phenotype, N (%)

 Tremor

98 (67.6)

154 (74.4)

33 (61.1)

0.235

–

–

 Indeterminate

18 (12.4)

22 (10.6)

6 (11.1)

 PIGD

29 (20.0)

31 (15.0)

15 (27.8)

Non-motor manifestations

MDS-UPDRS Part I, mean (SD)

5.2 (4.2)

5.4 (3.8)

6.6 (4.4)

0.076

–

0.034

Hallucination, mean (SD)

0.01 (0.12)

0.03 (0.18)

0.04 (0.19)

0.467

–

0.304

Apathy, mean (SD)

0.18 (0.51)

0.21 (0.48)

0.20 (0.49)

0.82

–

0.657

Pain, mean (SD)

0.67 (0.83)

0.72 (0.83)

0.65 (0.84)

0.806

–

0.426

Fatigue, mean (SD)

0.56 (0.71)

0.67 (0.79)

0.74 (0.84)

0.272

–

0.058

Sleep, mean (SD)

 Epworth sleepiness score

4.9 (3.4)

6.0 (3.1)

6.4 (3.8)

0.001**

I vs. rest

0.002*

 REM sleep behavior disorder score

3.4 (2.4)

4.2 (2.7)

5.1 (2.9)

<0.001**

1 vs. rest

<0.001**

Sleep phenotype, missing = 1, N (%)

REM sleep behavior disorder positive

38 (26.2)

84 (40.8)

26 (48.2)

0.003

–

–

REM sleep behavior disorder negative

107 (73.4)

122 (59.2)

28 (51.8)

QUIP (Impulse control disorders)

0.27 (0.62)

0.31 (0.64)

0.17 (0.46)

0.284

–

0.360

Geriatric depression scale

2.26 (2.79)

2.23 (2.801)

2.87 (2.41)

0.212

–

0.078

Depression phenotype, missing = 1, N (%)

 Normal

125 (86.2)

181 (87.9)

42 (77.8)

0.295

–

–

 Mild

9 (6.2)

17 (8.3)

8 (14.8)

 Moderate

9 (6.2)

7 (3.4)

4 (7.4)

 Severe

2 (1.4)

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

State trait anxiety index, mean (SD)

 State subscore

32.3 (10.8)

33.2 (9.9)

33.2 (9.5)

0.716

–

0.318

 Trait subscore

31.8 (10.3)

32.7 (8.8)

32.4 (9.7)

0.713

–

0.107

SCOPA autonomic questionnaire, mean (SD)

 Gastrointestinal (up+down)

1.81 (1.93)

2.1 (1.95)

3.13 (2.35)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

<0.001*

 Urinary

3.88 (2.63)

4.21 (2.89)

5.41 (7.45)

0.040

I vs. III

0.198

 Cardiovascular

0.39 (0.68)

0.51 (0.86)

0.52 (0.66)

0.309

–

0.316

 Thermoregulatory

0.46 (0.87)

0.47 (0.84)

0.24 (0.72)

0.19

–

0.340

 Pupillomotor

0.35 (0.58)

0.42 (0.64)

0.50 (0.79)

0.289

–

0.182

 Skin

0.69 (0.88)

0.68 (0.91)

0.83 (0.96)

0.53

–

0.243

 Sexual

4.47 (6.48)

3.43 (5.68)

4.48 (6.71)

0.233

–

0.629

 Total (sum all)

12.04 (8.39)

11.81 (8.32)

15.11 (11.16)

0.044

II vs. III

0.020

Cognitive function, mean (SD)

 MoCA-visuospatial

4.6 (0.8)

4.5 (0.8)

4.4 (0.8)

0.23

–

0.271

 MoCA-naming

3.0 (0.2)

2.9 (0.3)

2.9 (0.4)

0.043

I vs. III

0.135

 MoCA-attention

5.8 (0.5)

5.8 (0.6)

5.7 (0.7)

0.532

–

0.393

 MoCA-language

2.7 (0.6)

2.5 (0.7)

2.6 (0.7)

0.013*

I vs. II

0.011*

 MoCA-delayed recall

3.7 (1.3)

3.3 (1.4)

2.9 (1.6)

<0.001**

I vs. rest

0.043

 MoCA total score

27.9 (2.0)

27.0 (2.4)

26.7 (2.4)

<0.001**

I vs. rest

0.004*

 Benton judgment of line orientation

13.0 (2.1)

12.9 (2.1)

12.1 (2.2)

0.036

III vs. rest

0.020

 HVLT-total recall

25.5 (4.6)

24.3 (5.1)

22.0 (4.7)

<0.001***

III vs. rest

0.023

 HVLT-delayed recall

8.8 (2.4)

8.3 (2.5)

7.2 (2.5)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

0.016

 HVLT-discrimination recognition

10.1 (2.3)

9.7 (2.5)

8.5 (2.9)

<0.001**

III vs. rest

0.572

 HVLT-retention

0.9 (0.2)

0.8 (0.2)

0.8 (0.2)

0.072

–

0.073

 LNS

11.4 (2.7)

10.3 (2.4)

9.5 (2.8)

<0.001***

I vs. rest

<0.001**

 Semantic fluency

52.1 (12.1)

48.3 (10.5)

41.3 (11.4)

<0.001***

All comparisons

<0.001**

 Symbol digit test

47.0 (8.6)

44.6 (9.0)

40.7 (9.9)

<0.001***

All comparisons

<0.001**

Cognitive phenotype, missing = 7, N (%)

 Normal

135 (97.8)

200 (96.6)

41 (75.9)

<0.001**

–

–

 MCI

2 (1.4)

4 (1.9)

8 (14.8)

 Dementia

1 (0.7)

3 (1.5)

5 (9.3)

  1. HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, LNS letter-number sequencing, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society–revised Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PIGD postural instability and gait disorder, PPMI the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative, SCOPA Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease.
  2. aP values were calculated using ANOVA (for continuous variables) and \({\chi }^{2}\) test (for categorical variables) where appropriate.
  3. bPost hoc analysis was performed using the Tukey HSD test when the ANOVA P value < 0.05.
  4. cANCOVA was used to calculate p values (for continuous variables) adjusting for age, sex, and levodopa equivalent daily dose.
  5. dGenetic risk scores were calculated based on 90 PD-related loci reported in the latest Genome wide association study33.
  6. Multiple correction was conducted by controlling false discovery rate (FDR). * FDR adjusted P value < 0.05; ** FDR adjusted P value < 0.01; *** FDR adjusted P value < 0.001.
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