Table 1 Participant characteristics
From: The effects of a digital health intervention on patient activation in chronic kidney disease
All | Intervention | Control | |
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 420) | (n = 280) | (n = 140) | |
Age, years | 59.8 (±13.4) | 59.4 (±13.6) | 60.7 (±12.8) |
Sex male, n (%) | 250 (60%) | 161 (58%) | 89 (64%) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
White British | 384 (92%) | 254 (91%) | 130 (93%) |
Other White | 14 (3%) | 8 (3%) | 6 (4%) |
South Asian | 10 (2%) | 8 (3%) | 2 (1%) |
Black | 5 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
Other ethnic group | 7 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 1 (1%) |
Education, n (%) | |||
None | 8 (2%) | 4 (1%) | 4 (3%) |
Primary school | 2 (1%) | 1 (<1%) | 1 (1%) |
High school | 82 (20%) | 1 (<1%) | 1 (1%) |
College | 133 (32%) | 90 (33%) | 43 (31%) |
University | 138 (33%) | 87 (32%) | 51 (37%) |
Other trade/ vocation qualification | 51 (12%) | 39 (14%) | 12 (9%) |
Occupation, n (%) | |||
Retired | 183 (45%) | 115 (43%) | 68 (50%) |
Employed | 208 (51%) | 145 (54%) | 63 (46%) |
Unemployed | 12 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 6 (4%) |
Other (disabled, long-term sick leave) | 4 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 0 |
Rurality, n (%) | |||
Rural | 110 (26%) | 70 (25%) | 40 (29%) |
Rural town and fringe | 51 (12%) | 32 (11%) | 19 (14%) |
Rural town and fringe in sparse setting | 3 (<1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 |
Rural village and dispersed | 52 (12%) | 34 (12%) | 18 (13%) |
Rural village and dispersed in sparse setting | 4 (1%) | 1 (<1%) | 3 (2%) |
Urban | 305 (72%) | 208 (74%) | 97 (69%) |
Urban city and town | 224 (53%) | 155 (55%) | 69 (49%) |
Urban major conurbation | 1 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 6 (4%) |
Urban minor conurbation | 14 (3%) | 8 (3%) | 22 (16%) |
Multiple index of devprivation | 6.4 (±2.6) | 6.3 (±2.6) | 6.7 (±2.5) |
Blood pathology | |||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 38.8 (±18.8) | 38.4 (±17.1) | 39.4 (±21.7) |
Creatinine, mg/dl | 184.2 (±74.3) | 181.9 (±72.5) | 188.7 (77.9) |
Haemoglobin, mg/dl | 127.7 (±19.0) | 128.0 (±18.3) | 127.1 (±20.4) |
Albumin, mg/dl | 40.1 (±5.8) | 40.4 (±6.3) | 39.7 (±4.7) |
ACR, mg/g | 58.4 (±92.0) | 46.6 (±73.6) | 74.7 (±112.3) |
HbA1C, % | 41.0 (±15.4) | 41.7 (±15.7) | 40.0 (±15.1) |
Urea, mg/dl | 12.7 (±8.1) | 12.2 (±5.9) | 13.6 (±11.1) |
CRP, mg/L | 10.4 (±27.7) | 9.3 (±27.8) | 12.3 (±27.8) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 138.3 (±18.9) | 138.9 (±19.2) | 137.0 (±18.3) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 78.0 (±12.1) | 78.5 (±11.3) | 76.8 (±13.9) |
Comorbidities | |||
Number of comorbidities | 2.5 (±1.6) | 2.5 (±1.5) | 2.6 (±1.6) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 316 (77%) | 209 (77%) | 107 (78%) |
Type 2 Diabetes, n (%) | 81 (24%) | 57 (25%) | 24 (22%) |
Heart problems, n (%) | 89 (26%) | 55 (24%) | 34 (32%) |
Blood vessel/circulation problems, n (%) | 71 (22%) | 49 (22%) | 22 (21%) |
Lung or breathing problems, n (%) | 108 (32%) | 71 (32%) | 37 (33%) |
Joint, bone or muscle problems, n (%) | 158 (46%) | 109 (47%) | 49 (43%) |
Depression, anxiety or other mental health problems, n (%) | 101 (30%) | 66 (30%) | 35 (32%) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.1 (±6.5) | 29.4 (±7.1) | 28.6 (±5.3) |
PAM-13 score | 61.9 (±14.9) | 61.8 (±14.8) | 62.1 (±14.9) |
Low activation, n (%) | 153 (36%) | 100 (36%) | 53 (38%) |
CKD-SMKT – kidney health awareness | 2.9 (±0.9) | 2.9 (±0.9) | 2.9 (±0.9) |
CKD-SMKT – correct response | 77.5 (±27.2) | 78.1 (±26.6) | 76.2 (±28.3) |
CKD-SMKT – behaviours performed | 5.4 (±1.9) | 5.4 (±2.0) | 5.3 (±1.8) |
KSQ (frequency) | 22.8 (±11.3) | 22.7 (±11.6) | 22.9 (±10.7) |
UKDDQ | 65.8 (±9.0) | 65.8 (±9.2) | 65.7 (±8.6) |
MARS-5 | 23.6 (±2.1) | 23.6 (±1.6) | 23.6 (±1.9) |
SARC-F | 1.5 (±2.1) | 1.6 (±2.1) | 1.4 (±2.0) |
STS-60 | 23.2 (±10.7) | 23.2 (±11.2) | 23.0 (±9.4) |
