Table 1 Overview of studies comparing ARNS to CNS

From: Accuracy and efficiency of drilling trajectories with augmented reality versus conventional navigation randomized crossover trial

Study

Year

Type

HMD

Registration

Tracking

Visualization

Error

Task

Subjects

Tracked Instrument

Anatomy

Model

Evaluation

       

Translational (Mean ± Sd) (mm)

Angular (Mean ± Sd) (◦)

Depth

      

Mueller et al.27

2020

Expl.

HL 1

IBR

MT (ARNS)

OT (CNS)

Superimposition

3.4 ± 1.6a (ARNS)

3.2 ± 2.0a (CNS)

4.3 ± 2.3 (ARNS)

3.5 ± 1.4 (CNS)

None

Pre-drilling +insertion of K-wire

1 Surgeon (expert)

Sleeve

Complex anatomy (spine)

3 Cadaver Specimens

CT

Wolf et al.30

2023

Expl.

HL 2

PPR

OT (ARNS/CNS)

Superimposition, Virtual Twin, Sectional Views, Target Cross, Peripheral Rings

None

Expert/ Novices (median)

1.7/1.8

(CNS)

1.1/0.8

(Target Cross)

2.0/2.0

(Peripheral Rings)

1.7/1.4

(Overlay)

0.9/1.2

(Virtual Twin)

1.2/1.2

(Sectional Views)

None

Drilling holes

14 (10 novices + 4 experts)

Sleeve

Complex anatomy (spine)

Phantom

OT

This study

2024

XO RCT

HL 2

IBR

OT (ARNS/CNS)

Virtual Twin

1.11 ± 0.47d (ARNS),

1.04 ± 0.47d (CNS).

0.95 ± 0.42a (ARNS),

0.98 ± 0.46a (CNS).

0.93 ± 0.41b (ARNS),

0.97 ± 0.45b (CNS).

1.00 ± 0.52c (ARNS),

0.92 ± 0.51c (CNS).

1.11 ± 0.61 (ARNS)

0.73 ± 0.36 (CNS)

1.27 ± 1.59 (ARNS) 0.52 ± 0.82 (CNS)

Drilling holes

36 (12 students,

12 surgeons, 12 engineers)

Drill

Universal

Foam block

CT

  1. Expl. Exploratory, HL HoloLens, IBR Image-based Registration, MT Mark-based Tracking, OT Optical Tracking, PPR Paired Point Registration, XO RCT Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial.
  2. aTranslational deviation at entry points in 3D Euclidean distance.
  3. bProjected translational deviation at the entry point: shortest distance from the entry point of the conducted trajectory to the planned trajectory.
  4. cProjected translational deviation at the endpoint: shortest distance from the end point of the conducted trajectory to the planned trajectory.
  5. dMaximum projected translational deviation: the larger value of the projected translational deviations at the entry and end points of the conducted trajectory.
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