Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Participants/ population

Adults aged 18 years and older; both healthy and clinical samples

Children, adolescents under the age of 18 years

Intervention(s), exposure(s)

Any intervention predominantly delivered through digital means (i.e., smartphone, app, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, text messaging, website, podcast, instant messaging, social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp, YouTube), wearable, chatbot, email, and interactive voice response) targeting weight-related behaviors (i.e., diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior).

Interventions using exclusively or primarily non-digital means (e.g., group sessions, pen-and-paper self-monitoring diaries)

Comparator(s)/ control

Systematic or scoping reviews either focusing exclusively on priority populations (e.g., African-American adults, adults of older age) or comparing priority and non-priority populations (e.g., comparing individuals with low and high socioeconomic status).

Reviews focusing exclusively on non-priority populations (e.g., Europeans) without explicitly including a quantitative or qualitative evaluation of social inequality (e.g., based on age, gender, or socioeconomic status)

Types of studies

Systematic reviews, scoping reviews, or meta analyses (as identified in title or abstract of the publication) that narratively or quantitatively summarize empirical studies

Empirical articles reporting on primary data; conference abstracts; theses; study or review protocols; narrative reviews; articles without peer review

Context

Studies in the context of health promotion/ prevention/ treatment.

Clinical contexts, e.g. rehabilitation

Outcomes

Effectiveness in changing diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, or weight

Uptake of and engagement with the intervention

Reviews focusing also or exclusively on other behaviors (e.g., gait speed, sleep, fall prevention)