Table 2 Summary of the clinical datasets used in this study
Internal evaluation (n = 2292) | External evaluation (n = 2940) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Datasets | Dataset 1 (n = 1065) | Dataset 2 (n =189) | Dataset 3 (n = 57) | Dataset 4 (n = 813) | Dataset 5 (n = 168) | Dataset 6 (n = 1222) | Dataset 7 (n = 221) | Dataset 8 (n = 688) | Dataset 9 (n = 524) | Dataset 10 (n = 285) |
Data providers | Researchers | Researchers | Researchers | Patients | Patients | Researchers | Researchers | Researchers | Patients | Patients |
Model | ||||||||||
Unimodal model | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text | Text |
Multimodal model | NA | Text + slit-lamp | Text + smartphone | Text + smartphone | Text + slit-lamp + smartphone | NA | Text + slit-lamp | Text + smartphone | Text + smartphone | Text + slit-lamp + smartphone |
Subspecialty, n (%) | ||||||||||
General outpatient clinic | 358 (33.6%) | 68 (36.0%) | 4 (7.0%) | 123 (15.1%) | 22 (13.0%) | 186 (15.2%) | 20 (9.0%) | 144 (20.9%) | 142 (27.1%) | 48 (16.8%) |
Cornea | 201 (18.9%) | 26 (13.8%) | 16 (28.1%) | 208 (25.6%) | 28 (16.6%) | 244 (20.0%) | 38 (17.2%) | 168 (24.4%) | 114 (21.8%) | 32 (11.2%) |
Cataract | 123 (11.5%) | 16 (8.5%) | 4 (7.0%) | 131 (16.1%) | 34 (20.1%) | 127 (10.4%) | 39 (17.6%) | 63 (9.2%) | 62 (11.8%) | 38 (13.3%) |
Optometry | 85 (8.0%) | 12 (6.3%) | 21 (36.8%) | 81 (10.0%) | 25 (14.8%) | 228 (18.7%) | 51 (23.1%) | 99 (14.4%) | 71 (13.5%) | 49 (17.2%) |
Glaucoma | 120 (11.3%) | 6 (3.2%) | 2 (3.5%) | 64 (7.9%) | 10 (5.9%) | 81 (6.6%) | 27 (12.2%) | 25 (3.6%) | 31 (5.9%) | 27 (9.5%) |
Retina | 78 (7.3%) | 20 (10.6%) | 1 (1.8%) | 76 (9.3%) | 13 (7.7%) | 99 (8.1%) | 18 (8.1%) | 90 (13.1%) | 50 (9.5%) | 29 (10.2%) |
Orbit | 42 (3.9%) | 29 (15.3%) | 4 (7.0%) | 69 (8.5%) | 16 (9.5%) | 145 (11.9%) | 8 (3.6%) | 42 (6.1%) | 27 (5.2%) | 18 (6.3%) |
Strabismus | 20 (1.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 3 (5.3%) | 16 (2.0%) | 7 (4.1%) | 64 (5.2%) | 10 (4.5%) | 26 (3.8%) | 11 (2.1%) | 22 (7.7%) |
Emergency | 27 (2.5%) | 5 (2.6%) | 2 (3.5%) | 40 (4.9%) | 7 (4.1%) | 37 (3.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 27 (3.9%) | 12 (2.3%) | 13 (4.6%) |
Neuro−ophthalmology | 11 (1.0%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0 | 5 (0.6%) | 6 (3.6%) | 11 (0.9%) | 5 (2.3%) | 4 (0.6%) | 4 (0.8%) | 9 (3.2%) |
Disease classification, n (%) | ||||||||||
Primary anterior segment diseases (cataract, keratitis, pterygium)a | 153 (14.4%) | 65 (34.4%) | 9 (15.8%) | 113 (13.9%) | 32 (19.0%) | 192 (15.7%) | 61 (27.6%) | 117 (17.0%) | 75 (14.3%) | 46 (16.1%) |
Other anterior segment diseases | 289 (27.1%) | 68 (36.0%) | 15 (26.3%) | 219 (26.9%) | 64 (38.1%) | 372 (30.4%) | 81 (36.7%) | 232 (33.7%) | 140 (26.7%) | 72 (25.3%) |
Vision disorders | 318 (29.9%) | 6 (3.2%) | 14 (24.6%) | 248 (30.5%) | 31 (18.5%) | 299 (24.5%) | 8 (3.6%) | 157 (22.8%) | 140 (26.7%) | 85 (29.8%) |
Intraorbital diseases and emergency | 121 (11.4%) | 27 (14.3%) | 6 (10.5%) | 89 (10.9%) | 14 (8.3%) | 94 (7.7%) | 20 (9.0%) | 46 (6.7%) | 45 (8.6%) | 31 (10.9%) |
Fundus and optic nerve disorders | 121 (11.4%) | 17 (9.0%) | 7 (12.3%) | 95 (11.7%) | 21 (12.5%) | 167 (13.7%) | 26 (11.8%) | 88 (12.8%) | 76 (14.5%) | 38 (13.3%) |
Eyelid diseases | 63 (5.9%) | 6 (3.2%) | 6 (10.5%) | 49 (6.0%) | 6 (3.6%) | 98 (8.0%) | 25 (11.3%) | 48 (7.0%) | 48 (9.2%) | 13 (4.6%) |
Sex, n (%) | ||||||||||
Male | 515 (48.4%) | 90 (47.6%) | 32 (56.1%) | 373 (45.9%) | 91 (54.2%) | 600 (49.1%) | 105 (47.5%) | 337 (49.0%) | 258 (49.2%) | 129 (45.3%) |
Female | 550 (51.6%) | 99 (52.4%) | 25 (43.9%) | 440 (54.1%) | 77 (45.8%) | 622 (50.9%) | 116 (52.5%) | 351 (51.0%) | 266 (50.8%) | 156 (54.7%) |
Age (mean ± SD) | 38.0 ± 24.5 | 53.1 ± 19.3 | 39.9 ± 26.0 | 37.6 ± 24.7 | 42.3 ± 18.0 | 40.8 ± 23.8 | 53.1 ± 18.9 | 43.1 ± 22.6 | 37.9 ± 24.9 | 41.5 ± 22.6 |
Laterality, n (%) | ||||||||||
Unilateral | 427 (40.1%) | 100 (52.9%) | 22 (38.6%) | 357 (43.9%) | 74 (44.0%) | 434 (35.5%) | 107 (48.4%) | 242 (35.2%) | 186 (35.5%) | 118 (41.4%) |
Bilateral | 638 (59.9%) | 89 (47.1%) | 35 (61.4%) | 456 (56.1%) | 94 (56.0%) | 788 (64.5%) | 114 (51.6%) | 446 (64.8%) | 338 (64.5%) | 167 (58.6%) |
Visit type, n (%)b | ||||||||||
First visit | 877 (82.3%) | 131 (69.3%) | 49 (86.0%) | 656 (80.7%) | 136 (81.0%) | 995 (81.4%) | 157 (71.0%) | 553 (80.4%) | 436 (83.2%) | 235 (82.5%) |
Follow-up | 188 (17.7%) | 58 (30.7%) | 8 (14.0%) | 157 (19.3%) | 32 (19.0%) | 227 (18.6%) | 64 (29.0%) | 135 (19.6%) | 88 (16.8%) | 50 (17.5%) |
