Fig. 5: Evaluation of foundation models.

a Network representation of machine learning tasks investigated by different foundation models. The weights of the edges between models and tasks represent the number of tasks investigated. The average performance of the foundation model is indicated by node colour. Node size indicates the connectivity of the node. b Number of foundation models investigating various machine learning tasks. c-d Average performance across various machine learning tasks (c) and various foundation models (d). e Reported metrics investigated by different machine learning tasks.