Table 2 Meta-analytic and heterogeneity estimates for the overall effect, and sub-group moderation effects, of intervention efficacy
From: A meta-analysis of persuasive design, engagement, and efficacy in 92 RCTs of mental health apps
Effect size estimates | Heterogeneity estimates | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | Hedge’s g | SE | [95% CI] | p | Cochran’s Q | I2 | ||
Overall effect | 92 | −0.43 | 0.05 | [−0.53, −0.34] | <001 | Q (91) = 414.76, p <001 | 83.4 | |
Sample type | ||||||||
Non-clinical | 28 | −0.30 | 0.08 | [−0.45, −0.15] | <001 | Q(27) = 128.28, p < 001 | 82.8 | |
Sub-clinical | 37 | −0.49 | 0.07 | [−0.62, −0.36] | <001 | Q(36) = 132.07, p < 001 | 74.5 | |
Clinical | 27 | −0.49 | 0.12 | [−0.72, −0.26] | <001 | Q(26) = 138.97, p < 001 | 87.5 | |
Study outcome | ||||||||
Depression | 29 | −0.42 | 0.08 | [−0.57, −0.27] | <001 | Q(28) = 113.94, p < 001 | 79.2 | |
Anxiety | 8 | −0.71 | 0.15 | [−1.01, −0.41] | <001 | Q(7) = 20.87, p = 004 | 70.5 | |
Stress | 21 | −0.38 | 0.07 | [−0.52, −0.24] | <001 | Q(20) = 59.37, p < 001 | 67.5 | |
Social anxiety | 4 | −0.55 | 0.24 | [−1.02, −0.08] | 0.021 | Q(3) = 19.89, p < 001 | 81.2 | |
PTSD | 5 | −0.28 | 0.10 | [−0.48, −0.09] | 0.005 | Q(4) = 4.43, p = 351 | 16.8 | |
Body image/eating disorder | 5 | −0.73 | 0.15 | [−1.03, 0.43] | <001 | Q(4) = 9.89, p = 042 | 65.5 | |
Psychosis | 2 | −0.08 | 0.43 | [−0.93, 76] | 0.851 | Q(1) = 2.46, p = 117 | 59.4 | |
Suicide/self-harm | 3 | −0.21 | 0.23 | [−0.66, 24] | 0.358 | Q(2) = 3.68, p = 159 | 46.3 | |
Mental health (broadly) | 2 | 0.43 | 0.55 | [−0.64, 1.51] | 0.433 | Q(1) = 18.72, p < 001 | 94.7 | |
Postnatal depression | 3 | −1.08 | 0.92 | [−2.88, 72] | 0.240 | Q(2) = 67.85, p < 001 | 98.7 | |
Human support within intervention | ||||||||
No | 66 | −0.44 | 0.06 | [−0.55, −0.33] | <001 | Q(65) = 307.33, p < 001 | 83.8 | |
Yes | 26 | −0.41 | 0.09 | [−0.59, −0.23] | <001 | Q(25) = 107.40, p < 001 | 82.7 | |
Intervention type | ||||||||
CBT (only) | 34 | −0.54 | 0.09 | [−0.71, −0.37] | <001 | Q(33) = 147.62, p < 001 | 82.7 | |
CBT (+others) | 11 | −0.37 | 0.12 | [−0.62, −0.13] | 0.003 | Q(10) = 34.80, p < 001 | 72.4 | |
Mindfulness-based | 18 | −0.37 | 0.09 | [−0.53, −0.20] | <001 | Q(17) = 50.66, p < 001 | 73.8 | |
Psychoeducation | 6 | −0.53 | 0.14 | [−0.81, −0.24] | <001 | Q(5) = 29.58, p < 001 | 83.8 | |
Others | 20 | −0.33 | 0.13 | [−0.58, −0.07] | 0.012 | Q(19) = 112.13, p < 001 | 88.5 | |
