Table 1 Characteristics of 24 included systematic reviews

Buckingham et al.¹²

25

24 (96)

Workers

Workplace

I: m-Health interventions to promote PA and SB

C: Not specified

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes (e.g., weight, BMI, and waist circumference), and others (e.g., quality of life and work performance)

Low

Cotie et al.¹⁹

60

7 (12)

Working-age females

Not specified

I: d-Health interventions to increase PA and improve obesity-related outcomes

C: Not specified

PA-related (MVPA) and physiological outcomes

Critically low

Antoun et al.²⁴

34

1 (3)

Adults

Not specified

I: Weight loss intervention using a smartphone application with or without combination of non-mobile intervention

C: Not specified

Weight

Critically low

De Leon et al.²⁵

55

2 (4)

Mixed populations

Not specified

I: Periodic messaging interventions to promote health behavior, including PA, smoking, and others

C: Not specified

PA-related outcomes, smoking, and diet, among others

Critically low

Freak-Poli et al.²⁶

15

11 (73)

Workers

Workplace

I: Interventions used interactive or non-interactive pedometers to promote PA

C: Any intervention without a pedometer or no intervention

PA-related and SB-related outcomes, cardiovascular disease risk factors, quality of life, and adverse effects

High

Howarth et al.¹³

22

6 (27)

Workers

Workplace

I: d-Health interventions to improve health-related outcomes

C: Not specified

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., mental health, sleep quality)

Critically low

Jung and Cho²⁷

8

8 (100)

Workers

Not specified

I: m-Health interventions to promote PA and weight loss

C: Did not receive any intervention that used mobile phones

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes

Critically low

Lee et al.²⁸

11

11 (100)

Workers with obesity

Not specified

I: d-Health interventions to reduce weight

C: Not specified

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, exercise testing)

Critically low

Morrow et al.²⁹

9

2 (22)

Workers (Obese healthcare staff)

Workplace

I: Interventions focused on PA or diet

C: Usual care or standardized advice

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, blood pressure)

Low

Ogilvie et al.³⁰

48

1 (2)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: Any interventions to promote walking

C: No intervention, attention control, or minimal intervention

PA-related outcome (Specific measures of walking)

Critically low

Ramezani et al.31

39

20 (51)

Workers

Workplace

I: Workplace interventions to increase PA

C: Not specified

PA-related outcomes

Critically low

Reed et al.³²

24

13 (54)

Female workers

Workplace

I: Workplace interventions to increase PA and cardiometabolic health

C: Not specified

PA-related and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., blood testing)

Low

Robert et al.²⁰

70

1 (1)

Middle-aged and older adults

Not specified

I: d-Health nutritional interventions to optimize nutrition

C: Not specified

PA-related and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, quality of life)

Critically low

Sevic et al.¹⁴

17

15 (88)

Workers

Not specified

I: d-Health interventions to improve health behavior

C: A non-d-health intervention (waitlist, usual care, or active control)

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., blood pressure, alcohol consumption)

Low

Shrestha et al.³³

34

12 (35)

Workers

Workplace

I: Workplace interventions to reduce SB

C: No intervention or other interventions

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., blood pressure, work performance)

High

Spaulding et al.³⁴

24

1 (4)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: Interventions used smartphone applications for preventing cardiovascular diseases

C: Not specified

PA-related and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, blood pressure)

Low

Szinay et al.³⁵

16

1 (6)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: m-Health interventions to promote weight-related behaviors

C: Not specified

Physiological outcomes

Moderate

Taylor et al.³⁶

6

5 (83)

Workers (predominantly engaging in desk-based occupation)

Workplace

I: Interventions used computer prompts to reduce SB and increase PA

C: No intervention or other interventions

PA-related and SB-related outcomes

Critically low

Willmott et al.³⁷

24

1 (4)

Young adults

Not specified

I: d-Health interventions for weight management

C: Not specified

Physiological outcomes

Critically low

Parés-Salomón et al.¹⁵

19

17 (89)

Workers (Office-based employees)

Not specified

I: A d-Health element as part of interventions to reduce SB

C: No intervention or other interventions

SB-related outcomes

Critically low

Lassen et al.³⁸

14

1 (7)

Workers (people working irregular hours or extended working hours)

Workplace

I: Interventions focused on developing a healthy working environment to improve dietary habits and/or increase PA

C: Not specified

PA-related and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, mental health, sleep)

Critically low

Payne et al.³⁹

24

1 (4)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: Interventions used any mobile applications

C: Not specified

PA-related, SB-related, and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, alcohol consumption)

Critically low

Widmer et al.⁴⁰

51

7 (14)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: d-Health interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention

C: Usual care, non-d-Health interventions, no active intervention

Physiological outcomes and others (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol)

Critically low

Zheng et al.⁴¹

34

10 (29)

Mixed population

Not specified

I: m-Health interventions focused on PA, diet, and mental health.

C: Not specified

PA-related and physiological outcomes, and others (e.g., diet, mental health)

Critically low

Total

683

182 (27)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA