Fig. 4: Four distinct categories for the 118 frequently misclassified RRMS patients.

The p-values for the RRMS and the SPMS from the CP were plotted (on the left side), and the corresponding schema of how the patients were categorized (on the right side). a Categorized based on the presence of increasing SPMS p-values from the beginning of their earliest recorded clinical visits. b An inflection point marked by a rapid increase in SPMS p-values was identified and established as the baseline time point. This category resembles Category 1 but with additional prior clinical data. c Category where high EDSS score led to incorrect SPMS predictions, despite stable clinical course. d The model’s predictions switch between disease states along the duration of the disease course, highlighting inaccurate predictions.