Fig. 6: The Multi-Glau system aids physicians in medical decision-making across three tiers of hospitals.

Impact of Multi-Glau on physicians’ diagnostic performance across three hospital tiers. Nine physicians (three each from junior, mid-level, and senior levels) independently diagnosed glaucoma cases with and without Multi-Glau assistance. a–c Screening task (primary hospitals); d–f Pre-diagnosis task (secondary hospitals); g–i Definitive diagnosis task (tertiary hospitals). a, d, g show diagnostic performance; b, e, h show changes in confusion matrices before and after AI assistance; c, f, i show physician decision changes. Sankey diagrams illustrate diagnostic outcomes before (j) and after (k) Multi-Glau assistance across all three tasks. Green flows indicate correct diagnoses; red flows indicate incorrect diagnoses. a–h used 100 cases; j–k used 63 shared cases. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, independent samples t-test.