Table 4 Meta-regression analysis of deep learning algorithm performance based on patient-based analysis in external validation cohorts for diagnosing microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) in colorectal cancer using whole slide images

Center

0.03

0.21

Single center

2

0.77 (0.51–0.1.00)

0.88 (0.66–1.00)

Multi-center

19

0.93 (0.90–0.97)

0.68 (0.55–0.82)

Optimal AI algorithm

0.23

0.06

CNN

16

0.93 (0.89–0.97)

0.65 (0.50–0.80)

Non-CNN

5

0.91 (0.83–1.00)

0.80 (0.69–1.00)

Reference standard

<0.001

0.23

Only PCR

7

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.62 (0.37–0.86)

non-only PCR

14

0.94 (0.91–0.98)

0.75 (0.61–0.89)

Tile size

0.87

<0.001

224*224 or 256*256

15

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

0.58 (0.44–0.72)

512*512

4

0.88 (0.75–1.00)

0.91 (0.81–1.00)

Magnification

0.71

0.53

20*

15

0.95 (0.91–0.98)

0.66 (0.50–0.82)

40*

3

0.86 (0.70–1.00)

0.76 (0.47–1.00)