Table 1 Comparison of retinal microvascular features among the high, middle, and low-risk groups
| Â | Â | Overall | Low-risk | Middle-risk | High-risk | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Number | 25,840 | 5505 | 18,637 | 1698 | Â |
Binary | Fractal dimension (−) | 1.489 (0.035) | 1.502 (0.032) | 1.487 (0.034) | 1.464 (0.035) | <2.22E−16 |
Vessel density (−) | 0.071 (0.010) | 0.074 (0.010) | 0.070 (0.010) | 0.064 (0.010) | <2.22E−16 | |
Average width (pixel) | 7416.400 (617.994) | 7389.829 (622.269) | 7417.583 (616.561) | 7519.605 (607.894) | 3.19E−09 | |
Distance tortuosity (−) | 3.397 (1.189) | 3.245 (1.066) | 3.426 (1.206) | 3.674 (1.385) | <2.22E−16 | |
Squared curvature tortuosity (−) | 23.996 (23.416) | 21.373 (20.112) | 24.569 (24.138) | 27.818 (25.869) | <2.22E−16 | |
Tortuosity density (−) | 0.699 (0.034) | 0.696 (0.033) | 0.700 (0.034) | 0.706 (0.037) | <2.22E−16 | |
Artery | Fractal dimension (−) | 1.292 (0.037) | 1.305 (0.034) | 1.290 (0.036) | 1.266 (0.040) | <2.22E−16 |
Vessel density (−) | 0.030 (0.005) | 0.032 (0.005) | 0.030 (0.005) | 0.027 (0.005) | <2.22E−16 | |
Average width (pixel) | 7284.574 (672.663) | 7333.591 (661.714) | 7263.419 (674.145) | 7358.619 (684.664) | 2.11E−12 | |
Distance tortuosity (−) | 5.568 (3.512) | 5.202 (3.014) | 5.655 (3.609) | 6.009 (4.058) | <2.22E−16 | |
Squared curvature tortuosity (−) | 72.730 (114.306) | 61.280 (88.177) | 75.250 (119.975) | 89.182 (132.148) | <2.22E−16 | |
Tortuosity density (−) | 0.750 (0.054) | 0.747 (0.053) | 0.751 (0.054) | 0.754 (0.059) | 7.96E−06 | |
Vein | Fractal dimension (−) | 1.315 (0.039) | 1.327 (0.037) | 1.313 (0.039) | 1.293 (0.039) | <2.22E−16 |
Vessel density (−) | 0.036 (0.006) | 0.037 (0.006) | 0.035 (0.006) | 0.033 (0.005) | <2.22E−16 | |
Average width (pixel) | 8009.407 (790.017) | 7887.956 (746.560) | 8024.175 (793.901) | 8350.661 (808.945) | <2.22E−16 | |
Distance tortuosity (−) | 3.491 (1.835) | 3.344 (1.637) | 3.518 (1.867) | 3.788 (2.153) | 2.62E−14 | |
Squared curvature tortuosity (−) | 27.271 (39.951) | 25.069 (37.253) | 27.730 (40.530) | 30.795 (43.015) | 3.49E−06 | |
Tortuosity density (−) | 0.760 (0.042) | 0.757 (0.040) | 0.761 (0.042) | 0.764 (0.047) | 1.31E−08 | |
|  | Age Gap (year) | −0.593 (5.226) | −3.735 (4.531) | −0.138 (4.938) | 4.597 (4.502) | <2.22E−16 |
