Fig. 1: The schematic diagram illustrates an advanced approach to sepsis diagnostics through bacterial gas detection and digital analysis.

a Nasal perception for bacterial gas, where volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with sepsis, such as NH₃, TMA, and H₂S, are detected using a gas sensor array (BPB-PIL, TET-PIL, Cu-PAN). This approach surpasses normal pH indicators in resolution and dynamic range, enabling precise detection in parts per billion (ppb). b Digital diagnostics for sepsis employs a hybrid algorithm that integrates CNN-SVM and LSBoost layers for data processing and early detection of bacterial species like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The diagnostic platform offers high accuracy and sensitivity within 24 h, requiring only beginners, compared to conventional bacterial culture and PCR methods, which take up to 48 h and need experts.