Extended Data Fig. 3: Selected 22 sites (yellow circles) and associated buffer zones (polygons with red borders).

Note that buffers’ borders are irregular as they were clipped by the borders of the climate zone where each buffer is located. Mature oil palm area located in mineral soils is shown in green. Lines show administrative boundaries. Details on each specific buffer are shown in Extended Data Table 1. Inset shows the location of the study area within Indonesia.