Fig. 1: Multifunctionality in different fertilization and weeding treatments in an industrial oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia.
From: Mechanical weeding enhances ecosystem multifunctionality and profit in industrial oil palm
Box plots (25th percentile, median and 75th percentile) and whiskers (1.5 × interquartile range) are based on the z-standardized values ((actual value − mean value across replicate plots) / standard deviation) of indicators for a specified ecosystem function. N = 4 plots. The black horizontal lines indicate the mean multifunctionality of eight ecosystem functions. 22 factorial treatments: + indicates conventional fertilization and herbicide treatment; − denotes reduced fertilization and mechanical weeding. Different letters denote that ecosystem multifunctionality was higher in mechanical weeding than herbicide treatment (linear mixed-effects model at P = 0.03; Table 1).
