Fig. 4: Conventional vs reduced management and their associated ecosystem and economic functions in an industrial oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia.
From: Mechanical weeding enhances ecosystem multifunctionality and profit in industrial oil palm
For each petal, the centre (fifth quantile) and the outer edge (95th quantile) are based on the z-standardized values of eight ecosystem functions (purple; Fig. 1), seven multitrophic richness for biodiversity (green; Fig. 2) and six indicators for yield and profit (orange; Fig. 3). 22 factorial treatments: + indicates conventional fertilization and herbicide treatment; − denotes reduced fertilization and mechanical weeding.
