Fig. 3: Direct and indirect effects on production and resulting consumption risks by country income levels.
From: Global economic impact of weather variability on the rich and the poor
Consumption risks arising for direct exposure to temperature and precipitation variability and extremes due to direct exposure, resulting indirect trade effects and resulting price effects for consumers by countries and subnational regions for the United States and China. a, Regional baseline production aggregated for all sectors (log scale). b–d, 90th percentile of reduction in production capacity (direct effect) (b), actual production deviation (direct + indirect effects) (c) and consumption averaged across all income quintiles (d). In each panel, regions are sorted by y values. Thick horizontal lines mark the overall average across the respective income level (a) and the respective resulting aggregate risks by income level (b–d). The y axes are limited to values <97.5th percentile for visualization.
