Fig. 3: Topology identification of spin textures and the trajectory of electrons injecting through the meron lattice.

a, Overfocused Lorentz TEM images of meron pairs with alternated dark and white contrast measured under zero magnetic field and at 300 K. Scale bar, 200 nm. b, Schematic of the meron pair and in-plane spin component distributions were deduced from the selected domain region at 300 K by using the transport-of-intensity equation. The colour wheel for the direction of in-plane magnetization is shown in the inset. c, Observed spin structure of a meron pair with two arrangements (antimeron and meron) on the x–y plane, and analysis of F_meron for electrons injected along the −z direction. The blue and red arrows represented negative and positive out-of-plane components of magnetization. d, Trajectory of electrons injecting through a meron pair. The purple balls with letter ‘e’ were electrons, and the directions of electron spins after injection are illustrated by the purple arrows. The magnetic moment arrangement was consistent along the z axis since the thickness of Fe was less than its exchange interaction length.