Extended Data Fig. 4: Input modulation modes for MVM.

a, Full array read procedure for MVMs showing the connection between ADC, unit-cells, and input modulator switches. Signals PP and PN connect the positive source lines \(S{L}_{1:N}^{+}\) to the positive potential V+ and negative potential V−, respectively. For NP and NN it is vice versa. b, 1-phase modulation mode. Inputs of positive and negative polarity are applied to weights of positive and negative polarity in one modulation cycle TPWM. c, 4-phase modulation mode. Inputs of positive and negative polarity are applied individually to weights of positive and negative polarity in four modulation cycles.