Extended Data Fig. 2: Characterizations of the oLM on the SBS fibre mats (oLM/SBS) at different oxidation conditions.
a, SEM images of LM/SBS with various heating durations before and after stretch. The oLM was prepared by oxidizing LM in the air. After heating LM with increasing duration ranging from 0 to 24 h, the size of the gallium (Ga) oxide enhanced from several μm to several hundred μm. After being pre-stretched under 1500% strain for 12 cycles, the continuous thin film (heating duration less than 16 h) can self-organize into a laterally mesh-like and vertically buckled structure, with the formation of nodes from the strong oxide layer. b, XPS results of oLM after various heating durations. Ga 2p (3/2) spectrum shows a predominant peak with a binding energy of 1118.8 eV from Ga2O3, with the presence of Ga metal (1116.5 eV) and Ga2O (1118.2 eV). c, Schematic illustration of the formation of the gallium oxides (Ga2O3, and Ga2O) during the heating of LM. With increasing heating duration, the signals of Ga2O3 and Ga2O became stronger. d and e, Young’s modulus and electrical conductivity of oLM/SBS after various heating durations. Data are presented as (dots) mean values with (error bars) SD; n = 6 independent tests. Due to the strong oxidation of LM, the average modulus of oLM/SBS enhanced from ~0.1 MPa (0.09841 MPa) with the heating duration of 0 h (that is, LM/SBS) to ~0.31314 MPa with the heating duration of 24 h. Accordingly, the stiffness was also enhanced by around 2 folds when the thickness was unchanged. The oLM/SBS with a heating duration of 16 h maintained a high electrical conductivity of over 28,300 S/cm. The error bar in the figure stands for SD, and the scatter value represents mean value. f, Resistance changes of hybrid LMs (weight ratio of oLM and LM and = 1: 2, oLM with various heating durations) on the SBS fibre mats as the function of tensile strain.
