Fig. 1: Design of a perovskite–BiVO4 artificial leaf device towards unassisted C2 hydrocarbon synthesis.
From: Perovskite-driven solar C2 hydrocarbon synthesis from CO2

a, Architecture of the tandem PEC device. b, A schematic illustration of the nanoporous electrode. c–h, False-colour SEM images of BiVO4 (c and d), TiO2 (e and f) and CuNF (g and h). c,e, Cross-section images. d,f–h, Top views at different magnifications. The SEM images reveal a hierarchical catalyst nanostructure. i, Energy levels within a perovskite–BiVO4 tandem device.